One-round finalityFuture of fast finality

Fast Finality Workshop · Cambridge · Thursday 15 October · 14:00

One-round finality

Strawmap

strawmap.org, consensus layer, Glamsterdam to north stars: fast confirmation, then decoupled consensus in I*, then 1-round finality in L*, towards fast L1 with finality in seconds.

strawmap.org · consensus layer · updated 9 Oct 2026

One-round finality

Time to finality

inclusionfast confirmationwait for a targetjustificationfinalizationone-round finalization · 83 % of voteshypothesis

Expected values · finality.watch model · 1.1M validators · 10-second slots

One-round finality

Turn the knobs

Validators
Slot
Networking
Finality
inclusionfast confirmationwait for a targetjustificationfinalizationone-round finalization · 83 % of voteshypothesis

One-round finality

One round: safety vs. liveness

2t + 3p < n: Lamport ’02, Dutta–Guerraoui–Vukolić ’05

One-round finality

New paper

Safety gadget

Short Paper: Flexible Consensus in Two and Three Rounds Abstract: OFlex's checkpointing-style safety gadget on top of a two-round base protocol like Minimmit gives clients the option to trade an extra round of latency for safety resilience up to 100 %, or to stay at two rounds and 20 % resilience; the resulting flexible consensus supports a substantial segment of the optimal safety–liveness tradeoff in three rounds.
One-round finality

Safety gadget paper · Fig. 1

Client trade-offs

Figure 1 of the safety gadget paper: client resilience trade-offs, t-L on the x-axis, t-S on the y-axis. Base protocol plus gadget reaches the solid diagonal from (0, 1) to (1/5, 3/5) in 3 delta; lower safety targets drop vertically to the base client at (1/5, 1/5), 2 delta; OFlex over PBFT reaches the dashed diagonal to (1/3, 1/3) in 4 delta; Flexible BFT with fixed server quorums 4/5 and 2/3 gives slope-minus-one lines in 3 delta.
One-round finality

Safety gadget

gadget frontier: OFlex ’24

One-round finality

Three signals

One-round finality